Extending Multi-Pathway Human Health Risk Assessment from Regional to Country-Wide—A Case Study on Kuwait

Air pollution has emerged as a pressing global issue in recent decades. While criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases contribute to the problem, this article explicitly addresses hazardous air (HAPs). This work estimates country-wide cumulative human health impacts from exposure HAPs. Kuwait is used case study due data availability non-fragmentation of data. At present, evaluation multi-pathway risks arising HAPs incomplete, indirect pathways have not been considered. Furthermore, only few HAPs, such benzene, established ambient quality standards specifically intended safeguard health, leaving many unregulated. considers several (both direct indirect) various environmental media (air, water, plants, soil, animal tissue). The findings indicate that coastal zone are within acceptable limits but notably higher when compared other zones. For cancer risks, Ahmadi Hospital, with risk 1.09 × 10−5 for resident adult scenario, slightly exceeds level 1 10−5. proposed methodology integrates results emissions inventory composed different zones, dispersion deposition modeling, transport-and-fate analysis, quantification, hazard characterization. It also extends adapts EPA methodologies initially designed waste combustion facilities additional emission sources provides region seldom subjected assessments.